Who Invented the First Loudspeaker

The very first form of loudspeaker came to be when telephone  systems were developed in the late 1800s. But it was in 1912 that loudspeakers really became practical -- due in part to electronic amplification by a  vacuum tube. By the 1920s, they were used in radios, phonographs,  public address systems  and theater sound systems for  talking motion pictures. What is a Loudspeaker? By definition, a loudspeaker  is an  electroacoustic  transducer that converts an electrical  audio signal  into a corresponding  sound. The most common type of loudspeaker today is the  dynamic speaker. It was invented in 1925 by  Edward W. Kellogg  and Chester W. Rice. The dynamic speaker operates on the same basic principle as a  dynamic microphone, except in reverse to produce sound from an electrical signal. Smaller loudspeakers are found in everything from radios and televisions to portable audio players,  computers and  electronic musical instruments. Larger loudspeaker systems are used for music,  sound reinforcement  in theaters and concerts  and in  public address systems. First Loudspeakers Installed in Telephones Johann Philipp Reis  installed an electric loudspeaker in his  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹telephone  in 1861 and  it could reproduce clear tones as well as reproduce muffled speech.  Alexander Graham Bell  patented his first electric loudspeaker capable of reproducing intelligible speech  in 1876 as part of his telephone. Ernst Siemens improved upon it the following year. In 1898, Horace Short earned a patent for a loudspeaker driven by compressed air. A few companies  produced record players using compressed-air loudspeakers, but these designs had poor sound quality and could not reproduce sound at a low volume. Dynamic Speakers Becomes the Standard The first practical moving-coil (dynamic) loudspeakers were made by Peter L. Jensen  and  Edwin Pridham  in 1915 in  Napa, California. Like previous loudspeakers, theirs used horns to amplify the sound produced by a small diaphragm. The problem, however, was that Jensen could not get a patent. So they changed their target market to radios and  public address systems  and named their product  Magnavox. The moving-coil technology commonly used today in speakers was patented in 1924 by  Chester W. Rice  and  Edward W. Kellogg.   In the 1930s, loudspeaker manufacturers were able to boost  frequency response  and  sound pressure  level.  In 1937, the first film industry-standard loudspeaker system was introduced by  Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer​. A very large two-way  public address  system was mounted on a tower in Flushing Meadows at the  1939 New York Worlds Fair.   Altec Lansing  introduced the  604  loudspeaker in 1943 and  his  Voice of the Theatre loudspeaker system was sold beginning in 1945. It offered better coherence and clarity at the high output levels necessary for use in movie theaters.The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences immediately began testing its sonic characteristics and they made it the  film house  industry standard in 1955. In 1954,  Edgar Villchur  created the  acoustic suspension  principle of loudspeaker design in  Cambridge, Massachusetts. This design delivered  better bass response and was important during the transition to stereo recording and reproduction. He and his partner  Henry Kloss  formed the  Acoustic Research  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹company to manufacture and market speaker systems using this principle.

Gandhi`s Achivements and Failures Essay - 961 Words

amp;#65279; Gandhi was an influential figure in our society. He taught many people about equal rights, honouring thy neighbour, and peace and tranquillity. Although at times his actions were deemed improbable and insane nevertheless, they were effective. Life of Mohatama Gandhi; his goals he accomplish for freedom for South Africa; and how Mohatama finally obtained freedom for India. Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born in the present state of Gujarat on October 2, 1869. He was educated in law at University College, London. In 1891, after Gandhi was admitted to the British bar, he returned to India and attempted to create a law practice in Bombay, which failed. Two years after his failure, and India firm with interests†¦show more content†¦Indian streets were covered with Indians who would not get up even if beaten by police. Gandhi was then arrested but the British were forced to release him soon after. The economic aspects of the movement were significant. It resulted in extreme poverty in the country and almost utter destruction of Indian home industries. In order to quell the poverty Gandhi, allowed the revival of cottage industries. Gandhi then began using a spinning wheel as a sign of returning to the simple village life he had preached about. Gandhi became the international symbol of a free India. By the method of passive resistance, Britain too would consider violence useless and leave India. In 1921 the Indian National Congress gave Gandhi complete executive authority. Then, many revolts occurred against Great Britain. Gandhi then confessed the failure of his civil-disobedience method and ended it. The British government once again arrested and imprisoned him in 1922. When Gandhi was released in 1924 he concentrated on communal unity. In 1930, Gandhi announced a new method of civil disobedience, refusing to pay taxes, especially taxes on salt. This method created the quot;Salt March.quot; Thousands of Indians followed Gandhi from Ahmadabad to the Arabian Sea, where they made salt by evaporating seawater. Once more Gandhi was arrested but was released in 1931, stopping his methods after the British government agreed to some of his demands. In 1932, Gandhi began a new civil

Case Study - Creative Advertising-Sunday Communication Ltd free essay sample

The graph shows that for 1998 1999, Sunday had a substantial growth in market, mainly attributing to its view of MNP as an opportunity to lure subscribers away from competitors through Creative Advertising The graph shows that for 1998 2005, Sunday had spent less year on year on promotional activities, but could sustain increasing revenue year on year by increasing subscriber base through price discounts 4 The graph shows that for 1998 1999, Sunday’s Brand Image creation with high revenue growth in subsequent years while marketing cost kept on varying. Few of the main reasons why Sunday’s Brand Matra and awareness of 1999 could not sustain beyond 2005: 1. Emotional Modifier as â€Å"Life Style† Descriptive Modifier as â€Å"Excitement† failed to get reinforced by the Brand Function of â€Å"Liberty†. 2. Exhaustion of Locked-Up consumers. 3. Since heavy investment is made on 3G, Sunday might have planned to Reposition itself differently. Questions at Stake 1. How would Sunday compete in the new era of interactive integrated marketing? 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Creative Advertising-Sunday Communication Ltd or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Would the PCCW acquisition challenge the credibility of the innovative, independent brand image that made Sunday such a success? 3. Would Sunday’s irreverent brand image ultimately fizzle out among the new branding superstar? Creative Advertising is an unique key to success through advertising, and you’ll most likely get an answer that echoes the mantra of Stephan Vogel, Ogilvy Mather Germany’s chief creative officer: â€Å"Nothing is more efficient than creative advertising. Creative advertising is more memorable, longer lasting, works with less media spending, and builds a fan community faster. † 5

Case Study - Creative Advertising-Sunday Communication Ltd free essay sample

The graph shows that for 1998 1999, Sunday had a substantial growth in market, mainly attributing to its view of MNP as an opportunity to lure subscribers away from competitors through Creative Advertising The graph shows that for 1998 2005, Sunday had spent less year on year on promotional activities, but could sustain increasing revenue year on year by increasing subscriber base through price discounts 4 The graph shows that for 1998 1999, Sunday’s Brand Image creation with high revenue growth in subsequent years while marketing cost kept on varying. Few of the main reasons why Sunday’s Brand Matra and awareness of 1999 could not sustain beyond 2005: 1. Emotional Modifier as â€Å"Life Style† Descriptive Modifier as â€Å"Excitement† failed to get reinforced by the Brand Function of â€Å"Liberty†. 2. Exhaustion of Locked-Up consumers. 3. Since heavy investment is made on 3G, Sunday might have planned to Reposition itself differently. Questions at Stake 1. How would Sunday compete in the new era of interactive integrated marketing? 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Creative Advertising-Sunday Communication Ltd or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Would the PCCW acquisition challenge the credibility of the innovative, independent brand image that made Sunday such a success? 3. Would Sunday’s irreverent brand image ultimately fizzle out among the new branding superstar? Creative Advertising is an unique key to success through advertising, and you’ll most likely get an answer that echoes the mantra of Stephan Vogel, Ogilvy Mather Germany’s chief creative officer: â€Å"Nothing is more efficient than creative advertising. Creative advertising is more memorable, longer lasting, works with less media spending, and builds a fan community faster. † 5

Case Study - Creative Advertising-Sunday Communication Ltd free essay sample

The graph shows that for 1998 1999, Sunday had a substantial growth in market, mainly attributing to its view of MNP as an opportunity to lure subscribers away from competitors through Creative Advertising The graph shows that for 1998 2005, Sunday had spent less year on year on promotional activities, but could sustain increasing revenue year on year by increasing subscriber base through price discounts 4 The graph shows that for 1998 1999, Sunday’s Brand Image creation with high revenue growth in subsequent years while marketing cost kept on varying. Few of the main reasons why Sunday’s Brand Matra and awareness of 1999 could not sustain beyond 2005: 1. Emotional Modifier as â€Å"Life Style† Descriptive Modifier as â€Å"Excitement† failed to get reinforced by the Brand Function of â€Å"Liberty†. 2. Exhaustion of Locked-Up consumers. 3. Since heavy investment is made on 3G, Sunday might have planned to Reposition itself differently. Questions at Stake 1. How would Sunday compete in the new era of interactive integrated marketing? 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Creative Advertising-Sunday Communication Ltd or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Would the PCCW acquisition challenge the credibility of the innovative, independent brand image that made Sunday such a success? 3. Would Sunday’s irreverent brand image ultimately fizzle out among the new branding superstar? Creative Advertising is an unique key to success through advertising, and you’ll most likely get an answer that echoes the mantra of Stephan Vogel, Ogilvy Mather Germany’s chief creative officer: â€Å"Nothing is more efficient than creative advertising. Creative advertising is more memorable, longer lasting, works with less media spending, and builds a fan community faster. † 5